Endpoint detection and response system with endpoint-based artifact storage

ABSTRACT

Each of a plurality of endpoint computer systems monitors data relating to a plurality of events occurring within an operating environment of the corresponding endpoint computer system. The monitoring can include receiving and/or inferring the data using one or more sensors executing on the endpoint computer systems Thereafter, for each endpoint computer system, artifacts used in connection with the events are stored in a vault maintained on such endpoint computer system. A query is later received by at least a subset of the plurality of endpoint computer systems from a server. Such endpoint computer systems, in response, identify and retrieve artifacts within the corresponding vaults response to the query. Results responsive to the query including or characterizing the identified artifacts is then provided by the endpoint computer systems receiving the query to the server.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The current application claims priority to U.S. Pat. App. Ser. Nos.62/490,467 and 62/490,480 both filed on Apr. 26, 2017; the contents ofboth of which are hereby fully incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The subject matter described herein relates to approaches for retainingand providing access to data characterizing events occurring in acomputing environment on an endpoint computer.

BACKGROUND

Detection and/or interdiction (e.g. prevention of execution,downloading, opening or the like or restriction of access rights tounsecured parts of an execution or computing environment such as themain memory, local or networked storage, the operating system, etc.) ofpotentially dangerous code objects, such as malware, viruses, and otherunwanted or untrusted objects, executables, etc., in a softwareexecution environment (e.g. a computer, a server, a mobile device, etc.)may be performed as part of cybersecurity and threat detection,prevention, and/or evaluation strategies. For example, actions performedby or events relating to a computer may be recorded and/or analyzed toprovide visibility into factors affecting safe execution, downloads,etc. as well as for characterizing the performance of applicationsrunning on a computer, etc.

Retention of data characterizing a history of the operating environmentof an endpoint computer (e.g. a desktop or laptop computer, a mobiledevice such as a phone or a tablet computer, or any other kind ofcomputer device that executes software) including, but not limited tothe time preceding and/or during a threat, an attack, a period of lessthan optimal execution performance, or any other time during which dataabout events occurring within or relating to the computing environmentof the endpoint computer, can be useful in diagnosing one or more of asource, a responsible party, a magnitude of a potential threat, a etc.of malicious code and/or other forms of threats or cyberattacks and canalso assist in improving the effectiveness of detection and preventionefforts in addition to providing a record that can be useful inidentifying and/or repairing those software components and/or dataaffected by a threat. Furthermore, retention of such data can be usefulin supporting investigations into any type of potentially interestingevent or sequence of events on or concerning the endpoint computer, notnecessarily limited to threats or malicious code.

Efforts to retain such data can be an important part of computerforensics, which can include processes of examining a system to findmalicious code and/or remnants of a malicious attack or othersurreptitious activity (e.g. threads, processes, executable files, orthe like) that perform unwanted or otherwise damaging operations thatmay affect a computer, a group of computers, a network, etc.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, each of a plurality of endpoint computer systems monitorsdata relating to a plurality of events occurring within an operatingenvironment of the corresponding endpoint computer system. Themonitoring can include receiving and/or inferring the data using one ormore sensors executing on the endpoint computer systems Thereafter, foreach endpoint computer system, artifacts used in connection with theevents are stored in a vault maintained on such endpoint computersystem. A query is later received by at least a subset of the pluralityof endpoint computer systems from a server. Such endpoint computersystems, in response, identify and retrieve artifacts within thecorresponding vaults response to the query. Results responsive to thequery including or characterizing the identified artifacts is thenprovided by the endpoint computer systems receiving the query to theserver.

In addition or in the alternative, the endpoint computer systems canstore the events or data characterizing the events in the vaultmaintained on such endpoint computer system. In such cases, theidentifying and retrieving and providing both further include events orthe data characterizing the events within the corresponding vaultsresponsive to the query.

The server can index the received results enabling such results to bere-used for subsequent queries without communicating to some or all ofthe endpoint computer systems.

The artifacts can be a digital item of interest comprising one or moreof a file, a program, network connections, registry keys and values, DNSconnections, user agent strings, URLs, drivers, services, users, or asystem characteristic.

The monitoring can further include receiving and/or inferring at leastsome of the data using additional data generated external to theendpoint computer system and received by the endpoint computer system byway of a communications interface.

The storing of the data in the vaults can include determining, based onone or more criteria, to retain in each vault a first subset of the dataas more likely to be relevant and to exclude from the correspondingvault and a second subset of the data as more likely to be irrelevant.

The events can include actions occurring on the endpoint computersystems and that involve at least one artifact on the endpoint computersystem and/or wherein the event comprises a capture of what occurred ata specific point in time relating to the at least one artifact.

The results can include one or more of one or more times that aparticular file was accessed on the corresponding endpoint computersystem, how the particular file was used on the corresponding endpointcomputer system, when the particular file was first detected on thecorresponding endpoint computer system, location of a registrypersistence point, and use of a registry by a software routine to allowitself to persist after a reboot of the corresponding endpoint computingsystem, registry keys being used for malware persistence to survivereboots, files being created or modified with content that can bedirectly executed or interpreted for execution, files being downloadedthat contain executable or interpretable code, processes being createdwith excessive or unexpected permissions, users with excessivepermissions or users obtaining permissions through non-standardmechanisms, network connections that are used in non-standard ways,network connections that are used in ways that exhibit malicious commandand control activities, network connections that are used to exfiltratefiles that contain sensitive information, network connections thatconnect to IP addresses that are considered suspect due to geo-locationor reputation, processes that exhibit control over or inject code intoother processes, and/or processes that change user ownership duringexecution.

An amount of the data returned as part of the responsive data can bemitigated by interpreting the query at the endpoint computer system andfocusing on specific data of the results that are most likely to berelevant to a subject of the query.

The monitoring of data can be performed by one or more sensors thatcomprise at least one of a kernel mode collector, a removable mediasensor, a sensor that collects data about a current state of a computingenvironment executing on the endpoint computer, a malware detectionand/or interdiction process, a user authentication process, a userauthentication re-verification process, system event log collector,and/or an operation system event log sensor.

The data can be monitored according to a first set of data collectioncriteria. Subsequently, if it is determined by a threat detection modulethat a heightened level of alert is necessary, the data can then bemonitored according to a second set of data collection criteria that arebroader or otherwise different than the first set of data collectioncriteria. The threat detection module can include a machine learningcomponent. Such a machine learning component can perform at least oneoperation selected from determining that the heightened level of alertis necessary, blocking or terminating execution of a process or thread,and/or determining that the alert level can be lowered back to the firstset of data collection criteria. The machine learning component canaccomplishes the at least one operation by processing data already inthe vault to determine that a potentially undesirable event has occurredand/or by processing the monitored data as it is received to determinethat a potentially undesirable event is currently occurring.

The endpoint systems can prune data within the vaults meetingpre-determined deletion criteria. The pre-determined deletion criteriacan be based on a timestamp or time associated with such data or a sizeof files or objects within such data.

Implementations of the current subject matter can include, but are notlimited to, methods consistent with the descriptions provided herein aswell as articles that comprise a tangibly embodied machine-readablemedium operable to cause one or more machines (e.g., computers, etc.) toresult in operations implementing one or more of the described features.Similarly, computer systems are also described that may include computerhardware (e.g. one or more processors and one or more memories coupledto the one or more processors) to perform the operations describedherein. A memory, which can include a non-transitory computer-readableor machine-readable storage medium, may include, encode, store, or thelike one or more programs that cause one or more processors to performone or more of the operations of the methods summarized above anddescribed in more detail elsewhere herein. Computer implemented methodsand/or other operations consistent with one or more implementations ofthe current subject matter can be implemented by one or more dataprocessors residing in a single computing system or multiple computingsystems. Such multiple computing systems can be connected and canexchange data and/or commands or other instructions or the like via oneor more connections, including but not limited to a connection over anetwork (e.g. the Internet, a wireless wide area network, a local areanetwork, a wide area network, a wired network, or the like), via adirect connection between one or more of the multiple computing systems,etc.

The current subject matter provides many technical advantages. Forexample, the current subject matter can provides advantaged overconventional techniques for computer forensic data collection. Suchadvantages can be provided by use of a vault that is maintained locallyon an endpoint computer system and which can be accessible for queriesfrom a local user, a server that accesses the endpoint computer over anetwork, a computer program or process that provides threat protection(e.g. malware detection and/or interdiction, authentication verificationand/or re-verification, etc.) to provide real-time insight into one ormore nodes of a network topology to earlier and more precisely identifypotentially malicious activity so that appropriate corrective actionscan be taken. Stated differently, the current subject matter providesfor improved endpoint detection and response with distributed instantquerying on each endpoint (thus providing timely insight into thesecurity of the corresponding network(s)). The current subject is alsoadvantageous in that it limits amounts of data transferred betweenendpoint computer systems and backend computing systems thereby reducingnetwork resource consumption and also reducing storage requirements onback-end servers.

The details of one or more variations of the subject matter describedherein are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the descriptionbelow. Other features and advantages of the subject matter describedherein will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from theclaims. While certain features of the currently disclosed subject matterare described for illustrative purposes in relation to threat detectionand/or prevention in a computer endpoint operating environment, itshould be readily understood that such features are not intended to belimiting. The claims that follow this disclosure are intended to definethe scope of the protected subject matter.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, show certain aspects of the subject matterdisclosed herein and, together with the description, help explain someof the principles associated with the disclosed implementations. In thedrawings,

FIG. 1 is a first logic diagram illustrating components of an endpointcomputer system;

FIG. 2 shows a second logic diagram illustrating components of anendpoint computer system;

FIG. 3 shows a diagram illustrating a plurality of endpoint computersystems in communication over one or more networks with a server formingpart of an endpoint detection and response system;

FIG. 4 is a view of a graphical user interface to generate a query of aplurality of vaults residing on endpoint computer systems;

FIG. 5 is a first view of a graphical user interface illustratingresults of the query of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a second view of a graphical user interface illustratingresults of the query of FIG. 4;

FIG. 7 is a process flow diagram illustrating characterization of eventsoccurring in a computing environment; and

FIG. 8 is a process flow diagram illustrating data transfer within anendpoint discovery and response system.

When practical, similar reference numbers denote similar structures,features, or elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Current approaches to retaining data regarding potential software-basedattacks on a computer generally rely on transmission of data from one ormore computer endpoints (which can include, without limitation, laptopor desktop computers, smartphones, tablets, other computing devices, andthe like) to a server machine where the data are stored and, ifnecessary, analyzed, aggregated, etc. Such tactics are generallyconsidered necessary to ensure reliability and security of the collecteddata (e.g. to ensure that actions of a cyber threat or other attempts toobscure the causes and/or effects of such a threat are not able todelete or corrupt the forensic data). However, maintaining these“forensic” data on a remote system can lead to various disadvantages,such as for example the need to transmit a large amount of data over anetwork from endpoint computers to one or more remote servers.Furthermore, use of a cloud-based service for such an approach canrequire the transmission of potentially sensitive data (e.g. thefinalized result of an analysis and/or a data aggregation performed atan endpoint computer) regarding computer actions at the endpointcomputer, which can be undesirable for various enterprises. Analternative solution consistent with existing approaches can include theuse of one or more firewalled servers to which such data are transmittedand on which these data are retained. As used herein, the term forensicdata refers generally to any data characterizing events, files in acomputing environment of one or more endpoint computers. At its broadestlimit, any data relating to artifacts, events, etc. on an endpointcomputer can be included in the term “forensic data.” Forensic data arealso generally referred to herein as “data” or “data relating to eventsoccurring within an operating environment of an endpoint computersystem.”

When an “unauthorized” piece of software tries to execute or when someother form of a cyber threat is detected, execution or other operationsof such a threat can be stopped, for example using one or more threatidentification, detection, and/or prevention technologies. For example,the corresponding process or processes can be terminated or suspended, aparticular file can be deleted, a user can be logged off the endpointcomputer system or other system/software application, registry keys canbe deleted and the like. In other examples, actions relating to userauthentication and/or re-verification of user authentication for a userwho has previously been authenticated for access to one or more systemresources (e.g. operating system access, ability to execute one or moreapplications or other programs, ability to read to/write from/executewithin system memory, access to data and/or otherinformation/files/programs on storage devices, network resource usage,etc.) of the endpoint computer system 105 and/or of a network to whichthe endpoint computing system is connected or otherwise able to access.

As used herein, the term user authentication or user authenticationprocess generally refers to any type of credential verification and/ormulti-factor authentication process that may be employed on an endpointcomputer system and/or over a network to verify the identity andpermissions of a user to access various system resources. Authenticationre-verification or an authentication re-verification process generallyrefers to analysis of a user's interaction with a system and/or networkand/or to other factors that can be indicative of a potentiallyincorrect authentication of the user. In certain implementations of are-verification process, detection of anomalous behaviors and/or otherfactors indicative of an error in authentication can cause a user to berequired to repeat an authentication process, optionally with aheightened validation or authentication requirement.

FIG. 1 shows a diagram 100 illustrating features of a vault 110maintained on an endpoint computer system 105 and configured to performoperations consistent with implementations of the current subjectmatter. The vault 110 can be one or more data stores (e.g., databases,etc.) self-contained within such endpoint computer system 105. Forexample, the vault 110 can be an encrypted SQLite database. As shown,data 120 relating to events occurring within an operating environment ofthe endpoint computer system 105 are monitored and added to the vault110 as artifacts. An artifact is an electronic object of forensicinterest such as a process, file, user, registry key, or networkconnection. An event is an interaction that occurs at a specific timebetween one or more artifacts (e.g. a file being created or a TCPnetwork connection being created, etc.). The vault 110 is available foruse in generating query responses from a variety of potentialoriginators of queries, which are described in more detail below.

The endpoint computer system 105 can include a plurality of sensors 115_(1 . . . n). Such sensors 115 _(1 . . . n) can harvest, monitor, orotherwise identify data associated with events for ultimate storage inthe vault 110 (i.e., the monitored data 120) as artifacts. Suchmonitored data 120 can comprise various artifacts for storage in thevault 110 along with metadata characterizing such artifacts.

Example sensors 115 _(1 . . . n) include, for example, a kernel modecollector, a removable media sensor, a sensor that collects data about acurrent state of a computing environment executing on the endpointcomputer, a malware detection and/or interdiction process, a userauthentication process, and/or a user authentication re-verificationprocess. These sensors can be software-based and/or implemented inhardware.

The monitored data 120 stored in the vault 110 can additionally or inthe alternative originate from external sensors/events. Such monitoreddata 120 can be received via a communications interface 125 that permitsthe endpoint computer system 105 to communicate over one or morenetworks with remote computing devices (whether part of an internalcorporate network or otherwise).

The artifacts forming part of the monitored data 120 (and derived fromthe sensors 115 _(1 . . . n) and/or the communications interface 125)can take many forms. In one example, the artifacts characterizesoperations/processes that lead up to detection of malware on theendpoint computer system 105 by an antivirus tool such as file/datasource, associated IP address, user identification, time of day, and thelike.

The artifacts can enumerate profiles and rules for firewalls, includingWindows Firewall forming part of the network topology in which theendpoint computer system 105 resides.

The artifacts can specify start times, associated users and processes,executables being utilized by the endpoint computer system 105, and thelike.

The artifacts can characterize various aspects of the network in whichthe endpoint computer 105 resides including, without limitation, ARP,DNS requests, URLs for a downloaded file, IP connects, Wi-Fi radios andaccess points, Bluetooth radios and devices, modifications to HOSTSfile, and the like. Such network related data can be received via thecommunications interface 125 and correlate URLs to IPs, and networkactivity to running processes. In addition, the network related data cancaptures information about network cards and static/dynamic routes.

The artifacts can characterizes files used by one of the endpointcomputer systems 105 or otherwise transported across the network inwhich the endpoint computer system 105 resides including, for example,create, modify, delete, established persistence and renamed artifactsalong with metadata and file attributes. Such artifact data can be usedto correlate file to process relationships.

The artifacts can comprise registry related information of one or moreendpoint computer systems 105 including, for example, create, modify,establish persistence and/or delete events for registry keys and values.In some variations, the artifacts can identify more than one hundredpersistence points/locations that are used by malware to persist aftersystem reboot. The registry event information can correlates registrykeys/values with the process that created them. In addition, theregistration event information can correlates persistent registrykey/value with the file that is trying to persist through a specializedparser.

The artifacts can also characterize removable media insertion events atan endpoint computer systems 105 along with files being copied to/fromand executed. In particular, the artifacts can identify whether themalware detected at a particular endpoint computer systems 105originated from removable media. The removable media events can also beused to identify source code files and documents being copied toremovable media.

The artifacts can also characterize various processes being executed atthe endpoint computer system 105. As an example, the artifact data cancharacterize create, delete, suspend, load, and modify events forprocesses, threads, and modules. Such artifact can data can be used tocorrelate processes with originating files, created/modified/deletedfiles, registry, network activity, and the like. Artifact data can alsofocuses on resolving Remote Thread Creation where existing processeshave threads injected into them. The artifact data can identify DLLinjection through Remote Thread Creation of kernel32!LoadLibraryA/W.

The artifact data can also characterize users including user behavior.For example, the artifact data can specify previously logged on users.It can also associate users with actions, including create/modify/deleteevents. The artifact data can further identify anonymous logins, networklogins, off-hour logins, and failed logins. Moreover, the user artifactdata can be used to correlate users with malicious/suspicious activity.

Further, the artifact data can provide various device-relatedinformation. For example, the artifact data can provide a complete viewof the system, including the operating system, installed applications,BIOS, hardware, computer manufacturer, and languages. Device relateddata can also enumerate loaded drivers and registered services.

The current subject matter is not dependent on any specific type ofthreat protection technique, authentication verification orre-verification protocol, or security approaches. Rather, such otherprocesses running on the endpoint computer system 105 and/or over anetwork connection accessible to the endpoint computer system 105 can beused to trigger various activities relating to one or more of monitoringof data relating to events occurring within an operating environment ofthe endpoint computer system 105, causing generation of query responsesbased on the data in the vault maintained at the endpoint computersystem 105, and the like.

The data monitoring and storing operations described herein can be usedto create a standalone record of actions in the vault 110 on theendpoint computer system 105 without any type of threat detection orprevention, authentication, etc. being used on that endpoint computersystem 105. In such an example, the operations of the endpoint computersystem 105 may not be protected against threats or other kinds ofpotentially malicious actions. However, if negative or unexpectedoutcomes occur, the monitored and stored data 120 can be used todiagnose how an attack or other incident occurred and possibly to betterinform other threat identification, detection, and/or preventionapproaches. Additionally, the monitored and stored data 120 may be usedfor other purposes, such as for example improving performance, assessinguse of network and endpoint computer resources, etc. The descriptionsherein with regards to examples of possible uses for the monitored andstored data 120 are not intended to be limiting. The term “monitored”refers generally to any collection or generation of data relating toevents occurring within an operating environment of an endpoint computersystem 105 (e.g. “forensic data” or other data useful in diagnosing,assessing, etc. one or more outcomes or occurrences on the endpointcomputer).

In some implementations of the current subject matter, the vault (e.g.an audit log) can be encrypted such that the monitored data 120contained therein are protected from alteration and so that the datacannot be readily accessed or otherwise compromised during or after athreat or other event that may require further analysis. A local auditlog consistent with implementations of the current subject matter canalso be protected against tampering (e.g. deletion of all or part of thedata contained therein) by one or more tamper resistant features.Maintaining the audit log as a series or chain of linked datacontainers, each of which is encrypted and further secured by acryptographic fingerprint, is one non-limiting example of a tamperresistant feature that can provide these protections.

The encrypting can prevent alteration of data in the audit log, andcryptographic fingerprints of the containers in the series can includeanti-deletion features that clearly indicate if one or more containersin the series or chain is improperly deleted. These anti-deletionfeatures can include inclusion (in the cryptographic fingerprint of eachcontainer) of a reference or references to the cryptographic fingerprintof at least one preceding container in the series. In other words, acurrently active container can include as part of its cryptographicfingerprint a reference to at least the most recently closed containerand optionally to more than one (e.g. two, three, four, five, ten, etc.)previously closed containers in the series. In this manner, if acontainer in the series is deleted, its absence will be readily apparentdue to the deleted container being referenced in the cryptographicfingerprint of a later closed container or the currently activecontainer.

In some implementations of the current subject matter, a cryptographichash is stored in a container envelope, which can also include afingerprint for both the current and one or more previous containers aswell as the data included in the “chunk” of data being retained in thatcontainer. Use of a “chunked” approach to storage of the audit loginformation consistent with implementations of the current subjectmatter can allow differential backups, as it is generally necessary toback up only those new containers created and/or written to since aprevious backup. This container approach can also address a potentialtechnical challenge while encouraging information on a disk or otherphysical storage medium (e.g. a solid state drive, optical drive, or thelike). Because data are continuously added to the audit log asoperations of the endpoint computer and other actions and events occur,use of a single contiguous file for storing of audit log information canrequire that the single file be left open to allow this appending.Certain implementations of the current subject matter can address thispotential issue through the use of a contiguous series of datacontainers in that data containers in the series that have beencompleted or otherwise filled can be permanently closed to further writeoperations while only the current container must be left open.

Other forms of tamper resistant features can also be used for the datacontainers. For example, each data container can also be compressed andsigned with a public key (e.g. using RSA-4096 or some similar approach).The combination of the data container plus the signature can also beenciphered (e.g. using AES-256 or some similar approach).

An audit log consistent with implementations of the current subjectmatter can store raw forensic data in the aforementioned series oflinked containers. Forensic data, as used herein, can generally includeinformation about forensically interesting events. These forensic data(e.g. the information about forensically interesting events) can includeinformation relevant to questions of who, what, why, how, and whererelating to events occurring on the endpoint computer system 105. Forexample, “who” can include information about an actor responsible foractions that have occurred. An actor, as used herein, can refer to auser, a program, a function call, a thread, or some other process thatcauses an event to occur (e.g. a “what”).

Information relating to “what” stored in the vault 110 either asartifacts and/or metadata can include records of actions such as networkconnections, remote side port and/or Internet protocol (IP) addresses,domain name system lookups for a calling thread or process or source ofa thread or a process, thread or process execution starts, file writing,URL calls, and the like.

In some examples, recording of data on URL calls can require a browserplug-in. Data regarding an execution start can include information aboutany calling programs or routines in a process tree, and can include thename of a process, when the process started, and what if any parentprocesses are involved in the process tree. For example, if process C isstarted, data regarding a parent process B that called C can berelevant, as can a previous parent process A that called B. Thisinformation can be useful forensically as it can allow a reversetraversal of the process tree to find a true originating process andpotentially (e.g. based on the content of the audit log) backgroundinformation such as how the true originating process was first installed(or otherwise because present) on the endpoint computer.

Additionally potentially relevant forensic data made available in thevault 110 as artifacts and/or metadata can include information about thestage, which can generally refer to the context, state, etc. of theendpoint prior to and during a threat or attack. Stage information caninclude context around one or more actions or events, timing of a threador process start (e.g. in relation to other threads or processesexecuting on the endpoint computer and/or other actions or events), adirectory from which a thread or process launches, and other potentiallyinteresting contextual information.

Further potentially relevant forensic data made available in the vault110 as artifacts and/or metadata can include information such asregistry keys being used for malware persistence to survive reboots,files being created or modified with content that can be directlyexecuted or interpreted for execution, files being downloaded thatcontain executable or interpretable code, processes being created withexcessive or unexpected permissions, users with excessive permissions orusers obtaining permissions through non-standard mechanisms, networkconnections that are used in non-standard ways, used in ways thatexhibit malicious command and control activities, are used to exfiltratefiles that might contain sensitive information, or are connecting to IPaddresses that are considered suspect due to geo-location or reputation,processes that exhibit control over or inject code into other processes,and/or processes that change user ownership during execution.

The diagram 200 of FIG. 2 shows an example of a vault/audit log 110 thatincludes a series of containers. Consistent with some implementations ofthe current subject matter, the audit log is maintained on a localstorage of an endpoint computer system 105. In some variations, theaudit log can be stored on networked or other external storage that isnot physically contained within the hardware of the endpoint computersystem 105.

In the example of FIG. 2, three containers 210A, 210B, 210C are shown inthe vault/audit log 110. However, it will be readily understood that theseries of containers can include any number of containers, and that thenumber of containers will continue to grow with time as additionalevents occur at the endpoint computer system 105 and are recorded in thevault/audit log 110. One container (in this example container 210C) is acurrently active container to which monitored data 120 are written. Insome implementations of the current subject matter, a container can holda preset amount of data. Alternatively, a container can be configured tohold all of the data generated by the endpoint computer system 105 for agiven period of time. When a container is full (e.g. when the presetamount of data is reached or if the predetermined period of time haselapsed), a new container is added to the end of the series ofcontainers and forensic data are written to that new container. Thecontainers 210A, 210B, 210C can all be write-only as discussed above,such that data in a given container cannot be overwritten or deleted.The most recent forensic data are appended to the current activecontainer 210C.

In addition to the vault/audit log 110, which can be stored in a seriesof containers each including reference to a cryptographic fingerprint ofat least one other container in the series as discussed above, FIG. 2also shows a local cache 220 (which can also be referred to as atime-based local cache 220) that is also maintained on the endpointcomputer system 105 concurrently with the writing of the audit log.Similarly to the audit log 110, in some variations, the local cache 220to be located on storage that is not physically contained within thehardware of the endpoint computer system 105. Unlike the vault/audit log110, the local cache 220 does not archive a continuous record offorensically relevant data. Instead, the local cache 220 stores arolling snapshot of such data collected over a preset amount of time,over a preset number of events, over a present amount of stored forensicdata, and/or combinations of such approaches immediately preceding thepresent time. In other words, in some implementations, the local cache220 can store a trailing record of forensic data collected over the lastfive minutes (or any other amount of time, which can optionally beconfigurable). This trailing record of forensic data can include recordsregarding activities, actions performed, etc. relating to the system.The amount of time can be chosen to have a sufficient duration tocapture data preceding some sort of interesting event that may berelated to the event. In other examples, the local cache 220 can includea trailing record of a specified number of events or actions leading upto the present. As with the use of time for determining how long toretain forensic data in the local cache 220, the specified number ofevents can be chosen to be sufficient to capture forensic data precedingbut relevant to an event. In still other examples, the local cache 220can have a fixed memory size that is chosen to be sufficient to retainrelevant forensic data relating to and leading up to an event. Theparameters of the local cache 220 can also optionally be chosen to incuran acceptably small burden on performance, storage, etc. of the endpointcomputer 105.

If a local cache 220 is used, it can be written in a readily queryableformat, such as for example as an indexed database (e.g. a BTREE-baseddate structure, although the approaches described herein are not datastructure specific) and can optionally be accessible from a centralserver or other user interface UI), application programming interface(API), or the like for rapid review, analysis, etc. of data relating toa threat detection or prevention event or to some other unwantedoccurrence on the endpoint computer system 105 (or on other endpointcomputers system 105 whose data the UI, API, etc. also accesses. Thelocal cache 220 can also be reconstructed from an vault/audit log 110(e.g. the series of data containers 210A, 210B, 210C, etc.) in the eventthat the local cache 220 is damaged, deleted, or otherwise compromised.

In an alternative approach consistent with the current subject matter,the vault 110 can be used directly for responding to queries (instead ofthe local cache 220). However, certain processing of the data retainedin the vault 110 can be performed to enhance the speed of queryresponses and to improve the relevance of the data returned asresponsive to a query. For example, one or more machine learning modelscan be used to analyze data as those data are added to the vault 110and/or data that have been previously added to the vault. The analyzingof the data can involve an assessment of the likelihood of a givensubset of the data being relevant to events that are expected to be ofgreater interest.

FIG. 3 shows a diagram 300 illustrating how data stored in the vaults110 or, alternatively, the local caches 220 if present), on multipleendpoint computers 105 can be queried on demand from a server 310 orother networked machine via an API (or optionally a UI) 320 to providerapid response to support analyses of the monitored data 120 (e.g. thecomputer forensic data retained on the endpoint computer systems 105).In this manner, and in contrast to existing approaches that rely ontransmission to and storage at a central server for all such data asthey are monitored, some implementations of the current subject mattercan support at least some local analysis of monitored data 120 forthreat evaluation and/or for other purposes. In some implementations ofthe current subject matter, the API or UI 320 running at the server 310can send queries 330 of the vault (or, alternatively, the local cache220, if one is present) at one or more endpoint computer systems 105 andreceive query replies 340. It will be understood that the vault/auditlog 110 can also or alternatively be queried from another processrunning on the endpoint computer system 105 itself, such as for examplea malware detection and/or interdiction process, a user authenticationprocess, a user authentication re-verification process, or the like.

The server 330 can incorporate a search engine 355 for facilitatingquerying of the endpoint computer systems 105. The search engine 355can, for example, be a RESTful search and analytics engine that indexesresults of previous queries for re-use in connection with subsequentqueries. The search engine 355 can provide a distributed,multitenant-capable full-text search engine with an HTTP web interfaceand schema-free JSON documents. Of particular importance, is that thesearch engine can provide near real-time search results from the variousvaults 105.

Other data schema and routing of queries from the server 330 andresponses can be utilized. In operation, a networked query approach asdescribed above can be useful in gathering and/or aggregating relevantsummary date regarding events at endpoint computers 105. These queryreplies 340 can be used in a number of possible ways. In someimplementations of the current subject matter, the query replies 340 canbe used as input data for improvement of endpoint detection and response(EDR) 345, which can be implemented at the server 310 or on anothercomputer. In other implementations, queries 330 can be triggered byreceipt of a report of a recent or in-progress threat or attack on oneor more of the endpoint computers 105 and/or as a result of detection ofa trend or other emergent situation that may indicate surreptitious orundesirable activity but that may not constitute a threat or attack perse. The query replies 340 can used to gather data on the nature of theattack or threat and potentially to direct a response (e.g. an alertprovided to a network administrator, an automated security protocol thatthe endpoint computer systems 105 are directed to implement, etc.). Thesummary data (e.g. the query replies 340) transmitted back to the server310 in response to the queries 330 can optionally include only extractedor aggregated data as opposed to the raw monitored data 120 that isincluded in the vault/audit log 110. In this manner, the raw monitoreddata 120 does not need to be transmitted from the endpoint computer 105,thereby ensuring data security and avoiding potential vulnerabilitiesthat might arise due to transmission of raw monitored data 120 over anetwork.

In some variations, a data collection approach can be further enhancedby inclusion of a threat detection or prevention module 350 or othersoftware functionality on the computer endpoint 105. The threatdetection module 350 can include artificial intelligence (i.e., machinelearning such as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/313,863 filed on Jun. 24, 2014, the contents of which are herebyfully incorporated by reference), a static set of response criteria, orother computing features that operate to expand the scope of the datathat are stored in the vault/audit log 110 in response to detection ofone or more criteria indicative of a threat or an attack. In otherwords, while the endpoint computer 105 is perceived by the detectionmodule 350 to be operating in a non-threat or non-attack mode, a firstlevel of data collection can be used for storing data to the vault/auditlog 110. If the threat detection module 350 determines that a threat oran attack may be underway or may be imminent, the threat detectionmodule 350 can perform one or more actions, such as for exampledirecting the vault/audit log 110 to monitor data with added details orto add a finer level of resolution and/or causing a change inaggregation and analysis of the monitored data 120. In variousimplementations of the current subject matter, a threat detection module350 can include one or more of a malware detection and/or interdictionprocess, a user authentication process, a user authenticationre-verification process, or the like.

The endpoint computer systems 105, in some cases, can only transfercertain data from the vaults 110 to the server 350 in connection with atrigger. Such an arrangement is technically advantageous in that itlimits the amount of transferred data until such time as such data maybe needed and/or alternatively to reduce a total amount of transferreddata (thus resulting lower consumption of network resources includingback-end storage requirements). The triggers can take a variety of formsincluding, for example, the detect module 350 convicting a certain fileor data as potentially being malicious. Other triggers can be, forexample, an expiration of a timer or a fixed period, the receipt of aquery 330 from the server 310.

The data transferred from the vaults 110 can be, for example, theartifacts, the events, and/or metadata characterizing one or both of theartifacts and the events. The data can be transferred using variousspace-efficient data structures. Example data structure/protocolsinclude, for example, a Bloom filter, HyperLogLog data structure, aCount-Min Sketch, a MinHash data structure, and/or a T-Digest datastructure.

The threat detection module 350 can be utilized so that monitoring ofdata to be added to the vault/audit log 110 can be tuned such that thedata consumption and or computational power required for maintenance ofthe vault/audit log 110 is minimized during periods during which thelikelihood of a threat or other attack is low. When the threat detectionmodule 350 indicates that a heightened level of alert is necessary, thevault 110 can monitor larger amounts of data, which would lead tolowered performance of the computer endpoint 105. Additionally oralternatively, at a higher level of alert, additional processing powercan be required for aggregation of atomic events into logical views.However, the reduced performance can be a reasonable trade-off for theability to collect important data around a threat or an attack.

In some implementations of the current subject matter, the threatdetection module 350 can also include functionality capable ofterminating or remediating threats, and can be capable of doing so fromeither or both of a lower or heightened level of alert. In addition,such functionality can be capable of determining that a current level ofalert is not commensurate with an actual threat state and thereforelowering the current level of alert to improve system (e.g. CPU)performance.

Preceding references to monitoring and/or analysis, aggregation, etc. ofdata with added detail or added complexity, granularity, etc. canoptionally refer to implementation of a broader set of data criteria forcollection in the vault/audit log 110. In other words, the vault/auditlog 110 can include a first set of data collection criteria that areused during non-threat or non-attack periods, and a second set of datacollection criteria that are put into operation when the threatdetection module 350 indicates that a threat or attack is in progress,might be imminent, has just occurred, etc. Also as noted above, firstanalysis and/or aggregation criteria can be applied during “normal”periods, which enhanced, second analysis and aggregation criteria can beapplied when the threat detection module 350 indicates that a threat orattack is in progress, might be imminent, has just occurred, etc. Whilethe threat detection module 350 is shown in FIG. 3 as being implementedon the endpoint computers 105, it is within the scope of the currentsubject matter for this functionality to be implemented at the server310 or at some other external computing machine.

FIG. 4 is a view 400 of a graphical user interface showing an exampleform for generating a query, by the server 330, of the vaults 110 on thevarious endpoint computer systems 105. The form can include variousgraphical user interface elements such as input boxes, dropdown menus,and the like for generating the query. In particular, an input box 410can be used to allow a user to enter in one or more alphanumericstrings. Optionally, various other filtering criteria can be specifiedsuch as artifact type 420 (files, network connections, processes, users,registry keys, etc.), facets 430 (which are pre-specified as part of afaceted classification system), and zone 440 (which specifies apre-defined grouping of endpoint computing systems 105 either byattribute or by specific identification). Further, the particular querycan be named 450 (so that it can be subsequently reused) and detailsregarding such query can be provided 460 (to allow for search ofpreviously defined queries for subsequent reuse).

FIG. 5 is a view 500 of a graphical user interface showing the resultsof the query of FIG. 4. The results can individually each have one ormore associated graphical user interface elements which, when activated,cause additional complementary information about the selected result tobe displayed. In some cases, the selection of a result can act as atrigger to retrieve event data, artifacts, and/or metadata from aparticular endpoint computer system vault.

FIG. 6 is a view 600 of a graphical user interface showing a graphicalbreakdown of the results showing in FIG. 5. Given the table of resultsin FIG. 5, four different facets of the data are illustrated in aconcentric manner. In this example for files, the inner ring is thedevices, the second ring is the users, the third ring is hash, and theouter ring is path. The concentric tiles/slices each can individuallyeach have one or more associated graphical user interface elementswhich, when activated, cause additional complementary information aboutthe selected result to be displayed. In some cases, the selection of aresult can act as a trigger to retrieve event data, artifacts, and/ormetadata from a particular endpoint computer system vault.

FIG. 7 is a process flow diagram 700 illustrating event characterizationas part of endpoint detection and response. Initially, at 710, each of aplurality of endpoint computer systems monitor data relating to aplurality of events occurring within an operating environment of thecorresponding endpoint computer system. The monitoring can, for example,include receiving and/or inferring the data using one or more sensorsexecuting on the endpoint computer system. Each endpoint computersystem, at 720, stores artifacts used in connection with the events in avault maintained on such endpoint computer system. Thereafter, at 730,some or all of the plurality of endpoint computer systems receive aquery from a server. The endpoint computer systems receiving the querythen, at 750, identify and retrieve artifacts within their correspondingvaults that are responsive to the query (if any). Subsequently, at 760,results responsive to the query including or characterizing theidentified artifacts are provided to a server by the endpoint computersystems receiving the query and having responsive results.

FIG. 8 is a process flow diagram 800 illustrating an EDR system withefficient data transfer between the endpoint computer system and abackend server in which, at 810, an endpoint computer system monitorsdata relating to a plurality of events occurring within an operatingenvironment of the endpoint computer system. Such monitoring can includereceiving and/or inferring the data using one or more sensors executingon the endpoint computer system. In connection with such monitoring, at820, the endpoint computer stores artifacts used in connection with theplurality of events in a vault maintained on such endpoint computersystem. Next, at 830 and in response to the trigger, the endpointcomputer system identifies and retrieves metadata characterizingartifacts associated with the trigger from the vault. The identified andretrieved metadata can later be provided, at 840, by the endpointcomputer system to a remote server. In some variations, events andartifact or event metadata can also be stored and retrieved.

The subject matter can utilize one or more aspects described in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 15/354,966 filed on 17 Nov. 2016, whichclaims priority to U.S. Prov. App. Ser. No. 62/300,621 filed Feb. 26,2016, the disclosures of both of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entireties.

One or more aspects or features of the subject matter described hereincan be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry,specially designed application specific integrated circuits (ASICs),field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) computer hardware, firmware,software, and/or combinations thereof. These various aspects or featurescan include implementation in one or more computer programs that areexecutable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including atleast one programmable processor, which can be special or generalpurpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmitdata and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device,and at least one output device. The programmable system or computingsystem may include clients and servers. A client and server aregenerally remote from each other and typically interact through acommunication network. The relationship of client and server arises byvirtue of computer programs running on the respective computers andhaving a client-server relationship to each other.

These computer programs, which can also be referred to programs,software, software applications, applications, components, or code,include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can beimplemented in a high-level procedural language, an object-orientedprogramming language, a functional programming language, a logicalprogramming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As usedherein, the term “machine-readable medium” refers to any computerprogram product, apparatus and/or device, such as for example magneticdiscs, optical disks, memory, and Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs),used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmableprocessor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machineinstructions as a machine-readable signal. The term “machine-readablesignal” refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/ordata to a programmable processor. The machine-readable medium can storesuch machine instructions non-transitorily, such as for example as woulda non-transient solid-state memory or a magnetic hard drive or anyequivalent storage medium. The machine-readable medium can alternativelyor additionally store such machine instructions in a transient manner,such as for example as would a processor cache or other random accessmemory associated with one or more physical processor cores.

To provide for interaction with a user, one or more aspects or featuresof the subject matter described herein can be implemented on a computerhaving a display device, such as for example a cathode ray tube (CRT) ora liquid crystal display (LCD) or a light emitting diode (LED) monitorfor displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointingdevice, such as for example a mouse or a trackball, by which the usermay provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used toprovide for interaction with a user as well. For example, feedbackprovided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, such as forexample visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; andinput from the user may be received in any form, including, but notlimited to, acoustic, speech, or tactile input. Other possible inputdevices include, but are not limited to, touch screens or othertouch-sensitive devices such as single or multi-point resistive orcapacitive trackpads, voice recognition hardware and software, opticalscanners, optical pointers, digital image capture devices and associatedinterpretation software, and the like. Such examples are merely forillustration purposes and are not intended to be limiting. In general,the current subject matter relates to approaches for aggregating,analyzing, and further interpreting results into formats consumable byproprietary and third-party applications for further interpretation,display, and the like.

In the descriptions above and in the claims, phrases such as “at leastone of” or “one or more of” may occur followed by a conjunctive list ofelements or features. The term “and/or” may also occur in a list of twoor more elements or features. Unless otherwise implicitly or explicitlycontradicted by the context in which it used, such a phrase is intendedto mean any of the listed elements or features individually or any ofthe recited elements or features in combination with any of the otherrecited elements or features. For example, the phrases “at least one ofA and B;” “one or more of A and B;” and “A and/or B” are each intendedto mean “A alone, B alone, or A and B together.” A similarinterpretation is also intended for lists including three or more items.For example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C;” “one or more ofA, B, and C;” and “A, B, and/or C” are each intended to mean “A alone, Balone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, orA and B and C together.” Use of the term “based on,” above and in theclaims is intended to mean, “based at least in part on,” such that anunrecited feature or element is also permissible.

The subject matter described herein can be embodied in systems,apparatus, methods, and/or articles depending on the desiredconfiguration. The implementations set forth in the foregoingdescription do not represent all implementations consistent with thesubject matter described herein. Instead, they are merely some examplesconsistent with aspects related to the described subject matter.Although a few variations have been described in detail above, othermodifications or additions are possible. In particular, further featuresand/or variations can be provided in addition to those set forth herein.For example, the implementations described above can be directed tovarious combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed featuresand/or combinations and subcombinations of several further featuresdisclosed above. In addition, the logic flows depicted in theaccompanying figures and/or described herein do not necessarily requirethe particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirableresults. Other implementations may be within the scope of the followingclaims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method comprising:initially monitoring, by each of a plurality of endpoint computersystems, data relating to a plurality of events occurring within anoperating environment of the corresponding endpoint computer system, themonitoring comprising receiving and/or inferring the data according to afirst set of data collection criteria using one or more sensorsexecuting on the endpoint computer system; storing, for each endpointcomputer system, artifacts corresponding to the events within suchendpoint computer system in a self-contained vault maintained on suchendpoint computer system, the vault comprising an audit log maintainedas a series or chain of linked data containers, each of which isencrypted and further secured by a cryptographic fingerprint;determining by a machine learning model trained using historical datathat a heightened level of alert is necessary; subsequently monitoring,by each of the plurality of endpoint computer systems, data relating tothe plurality of events occurring within the operating environment ofthe corresponding endpoint computer system according to a second set ofdata collection criteria which causes (i) an increased amount of data tobe monitored and (ii) a greater amount of artifacts to be stored in thecorresponding vaults; receiving, by more than two of the plurality ofendpoint computer systems from a server, a query; identifying andretrieving, by each endpoint computer systems receiving the query,artifacts within the corresponding vault responsive to the query; andproviding, by each endpoint computer system receiving the query to theserver, results responsive to the query including or characterizing theidentified artifacts.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising,indexing, by the server, the received results enabling such results tobe re-used for subsequent queries without communicating to some or allof the endpoint computer systems.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein theartifacts are a digital item of interest comprising one or more of afile, a program, network connections, registry keys and values, DNSconnections, user agent strings, URLs, drivers, services, users, or asystem characteristic.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the monitoringfurther comprises receiving and/or inferring at least some of the datausing additional data generated external to the endpoint computer systemand received by the endpoint computer system by way of a communicationsinterface over a communications network.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the storing of the artifacts-in the vaults further comprisesdetermining, based on one or more criteria, to retain in each vault afirst subset of the data as more likely to be relevant to asoftware-based attack and to exclude from the corresponding vault and asecond subset of the data as more likely to be irrelevant to asoftware-based attack.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the eventscomprise actions occurring on the endpoint computer systems andinvolving at least one artifact on the endpoint computer system and/orwherein the event comprises a capture of what occurred at a specificpoint in time relating to the at least one artifact.
 7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the results comprise one or more of one or more timesthat a particular file was accessed on the corresponding endpointcomputer system, how the particular file was used on the correspondingendpoint computer system, when the particular file was first detected onthe corresponding endpoint computer system, location of a registrypersistence point, and use of a registry by a software routine to allowitself to persist after a reboot of the corresponding endpoint computingsystem, registry keys being used for malware persistence to survivereboots, files being created or modified with content that can bedirectly executed or interpreted for execution, files being downloadedthat contain executable or interpretable code, processes being createdwith excessive or unexpected permissions, users with excessivepermissions or users obtaining permissions through non-standardmechanisms, network connections that are used in non-standard ways,network connections that are used in ways that exhibit malicious commandand control activities, network connections that are used to exfiltratefiles that contain sensitive information, network connections thatconnect to IP addresses that are considered suspect due to geo-locationor reputation, processes that exhibit control over or inject code intoother processes, and/or processes that change user ownership duringexecution.
 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising: mitigating anamount of the data returned as part of the responsive results, themitigating comprising interpreting the query at the endpoint computersystem and focusing on specific data of the results that are most likelyto be relevant to a subject of the query.
 9. The method of claim 1,wherein the monitoring of data is performed by one or more sensors thatcomprise at least one of a kernel mode collector, a removable mediasensor, a sensor that collects data about a current state of a computingenvironment executing on the endpoint computer, a malware detectionand/or interdiction process, a user authentication process, a userauthentication re-verification process, system event log collector, oran operation system event log sensor.
 10. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising: pruning, for each endpoint system, data within the vaultsmeeting pre-determined deletion criteria.
 11. The method of claim 10,wherein the pre-determined deletion criteria is based on a timestamp ortime associated with such data or a size of files or objects within suchdata.
 12. A system comprising: at least one data processor; and memorystoring instructions which, when executed by the at least one dataprocessor, implements operations comprising: initially monitoring, byeach of a plurality of endpoint computer systems, data relating to aplurality of events occurring within an operating environment of thecorresponding endpoint computer system, the monitoring comprisingreceiving and/or inferring the data according to a first set of datacollection criteria using one or more sensors executing on the endpointcomputer system and; storing, for each endpoint computer system,artifacts corresponding to the events within such endpoint computersystem in a self-contained vault maintained on such endpoint computersystem; determining by a machine learning model trained using historicaldata that a heightened level of alert is necessary; subsequentlymonitoring, by each of the plurality of endpoint computer systems, datarelating to the plurality of events occurring within the operatingenvironment of the corresponding endpoint computer system according to asecond set of data collection criteria which causes (i) an increasedamount of data to be monitored and (ii) a greater amount of artifacts tobe stored in the corresponding vaults; receiving, by more than two ofthe plurality of endpoint computer systems from a server, a query;identifying and retrieving, by each endpoint computer systems receivingthe query, artifacts within the corresponding vault responsive to thequery; and providing, by each endpoint computer system receiving thequery to the server, results responsive to the query including orcharacterizing the identified artifacts.
 13. The system of claim 12further comprising the plurality of endpoint computer systems and theserver.
 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the operations furthercomprise: indexing, by the server, the received results enabling suchresults to be re-used for subsequent queries without communicating tosome or all of the endpoint computer systems.
 15. The system of claim12, wherein the artifacts are a digital item of interest comprising oneor more of a file, a program, network connections, registry keys andvalues, DNS connections, user agent strings, URLs, drivers, services,users, or a system characteristic.
 16. The system of claim 12, whereinthe monitoring further comprises receiving and/or inferring at leastsome of the data using additional data generated external to theendpoint computer system and received by the endpoint computer system byway of a communications interface over a communications network.
 17. Thesystem of claim 12, wherein the operations further comprise: the vaultcomprising an audit log maintained as a series or chain of linked datacontainers, each of which is encrypted and further secured by acryptographic fingerprint; wherein the storing of the artifacts in thevault further comprises determining, based on one or more criteria, toretain in each vault a first subset of the data as more likely to berelevant to a software-based attack and to exclude from thecorresponding vault and a second subset of the data as more likely to beirrelevant to a software-based attack.
 18. The system of claim 12,wherein the events comprise actions occurring on the endpoint computersystems and involving at least one artifact on the endpoint computersystem and/or wherein the event comprises a capture of what occurred ata specific point in time relating to the at least one artifact.
 19. Anon-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions which, whenexecuted by at least one processor forming part of at least onecomputing device, result in operations comprising: initially monitoring,by each of a plurality of endpoint computer systems, data relating to aplurality of events occurring within an operating environment of thecorresponding endpoint computer system, the monitoring comprisingreceiving and/or inferring the data according to a first set of datacollection criteria using one or more sensors executing on the endpointcomputer system; storing, for each endpoint computer system, artifactscorresponding to the events within such endpoint computer system in aself-contained vault maintained on such endpoint computer system, thevault comprising an audit log maintained as a series or chain of linkeddata containers, each of which is encrypted and further secured by acryptographic fingerprint; determining by a machine learning modeltrained using historical data that a heightened level of alert isnecessary; subsequently monitoring, by each of the plurality of endpointcomputer systems, data relating to the plurality of events occurringwithin the operating environment of the corresponding endpoint computersystem according to a second set of data collection criteria whichcauses (i) an increased amount of data to be monitored and (ii) agreater amount of artifacts to be stored in the corresponding vaults;receiving, by more than two of the plurality of endpoint computersystems from a server, a query; identifying and retrieving, by eachendpoint computer systems receiving the query, artifacts within thecorresponding vault responsive to the query; and providing, by eachendpoint computer system receiving the query to the server, resultsresponsive to the query including or characterizing the identifiedartifacts.
 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 19,wherein the monitoring of data is performed by one or more sensors thatcomprise at least one of a kernel mode collector, a removable mediasensor, a sensor that collects data about a current state of a computingenvironment executing on the endpoint computer, a malware detectionand/or interdiction process, a user authentication process, a userauthentication re-verification process, system event log collector, oran operation system event log sensor.